Core-shell metal nanoparticle composite

ABSTRACT

A nanocomposite includes a core comprising a first polymer, a shell disposed about the core, the shell comprising a sulfonated polyester, the first polymer and sulfonated polyester are different, and a plurality of silver nanoparticles disposed throughout the shell layer.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to composite materials. In particular,embodiments herein relate to core-shell nanocomposites comprising mixedorganic-inorganic components.

Organic/inorganic nanocomposites are materials made up of organicpolymers embedded with inorganic nanoscale fillers. The benefit ofcombining inorganic nanofillers within organic polymers is that theresultant composite becomes more rigid, thermally stable and displaysother unique properties not seen with organic polymers alone. Thepolymer itself confers processability to the composite and impartsflexibility, improves dielectric properties and is ductile. Thenanofillers provide a significant increase in interfacial area whichcreates a significant volume fraction of interfacial polymer withproperties different from the bulk polymer, even at low loadings. Thephysical properties of the inorganic nanoparticles, in particular, canbe enhanced by encapsulating or embedding within a polymer.

There is a growing interest in embedding nanometals into polymermatrices due to the potential applications that are possible. Bycombining the properties from both inorganic (i.e., silver, gold,copper, etc.) and organic (polymer) systems, many new products can becreated. Areas of growth with regard to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)include, without limitation, antimicrobial applications, biosensormaterials, composite fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials,cosmetic products, and electronic components. The unique properties(e.g., size and shape dependent optical, electrical, and magneticproperties) of silver nanoparticles, in particular, have resulted intheir increased use in number of consumer and medical products. Methodssuch as three dimensional (3D) printing and ink jet deposition can beused to transfer the functional core-shell organic/inorganicnanocomposites disclosed herein to a substrate of choice. Other areas ofapplication include, for example, aqueous ink formulations for sensorand antimicrobial applications.

Most methods for silver/polymer nanostructured materials require thatthe silver salt precursor is reduced in a chemical reaction prior toincorporation into polymer matrices. The most widely used silver ionprecursor for the synthesis of AgNPs is silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The mostreadily used reducing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs are sodiumborohydride or sodium citrate. The most common stabilizing agents fornanosilver are citrate and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone).

Conventional methods for making silver/polymer nanostructured materialsgenerally require the melt mixing or extrusion of AgNPs in polymermatrixes which lead to aggregated silver particles. Other methods use insitu synthesis of metal nanoparticles in polymer matrixes which involvesthe dissolution and reduction of metal salts/or simultaneously withpolymer synthesis. The polymer matrix has a role in keeping the AgNPsdispersed as well as maintaining overall chemical and mechanicalstability.

Methods for the synthesis of core-shell or hybrid colloid dispersionscurrently lack control of morphology and colloidal properties aregenerally inferior. It has also been found that most conventionalmethods require filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation processes,which are challenging and time consuming. The development of processesfor the synthesis of core-shell organic/inorganic nanoparticles withprecise positioning of the silver nanoparticles at the surface of thenanoparticle, as disclosed herein, provides reactive orstimuli-responsive colloidal particles that also have a well-definedstructure, homogeneous encapsulation and well-defined morphology. Otherissues that arise in conventional methods which are overcome by themethods herein include incompatibility between the polymer and inorganicmaterial especially when highly hydrophobic monomers are used in anypolymerization stage of the process. In these cases surface modificationor treatment of the inorganic nanoparticles are usually employed to makethe nanoparticles compatible and thus dispersible within the organicpolymer matrix.

Finally, it is known that uncoated silver nanoparticles can be toxic butwhen protected by an organic layer or embedded within an organic matrixthey become less toxic or in other words biocompatible.

SUMMARY

In some aspects, embodiments herein relate to nanocomposites comprisinga core comprising a first polymer, a shell disposed about the core, theshell comprising a sulfonated polyester, wherein the first polymer andsulfonated polyester are different; and a plurality of silvernanoparticles disposed throughout the shell layer.

In some aspects, embodiments herein relate to methods of making acore-shell nanocomposite comprising heating a sulfonated polyester resinin water at a temperature from about 65° C. to 90° C., adding aqueoussolution of silver (I) ion source dropwise to the heated sulfonatedpolyester form an emulsion, optionally adding an aqueous solution of areducing agent dropwise to the emulsion, and adding the emulsiondropwise to polystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate latex nanoparticles inwater, continuing heating to form the core-shell nanocomposite.

In some aspects, embodiments herein relate to articles comprising theaforementioned nanocomposites.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described hereinbelow with reference to the figures wherein:

FIG. 1 shows (left) an illustration of silver nanoparticles dispersedthroughout a sulfonated polymer matrix which constitutes the shellmaterial; (right) shows core-shell structure of nanocomposites, inaccordance with embodiments herein;

FIG. 2 shows another illustration of a nanocomposite, in accordance withembodiments herein;

FIG. 3 shows an illustration of the optical properties of noble metalnanoparticles;

FIGS. 4A-C show scanning electron microscope (SEM) images ofstyrene-acrylate particles at various magnifications;

FIGS. 5A-C show (A) and (B) transmission electron microscope (TEM)images of poly(stryrene)-co-n-butyl acrylate) with sulfonatedpolyester-silver nanoparticle shell coating at different magnification;the images indicate good dispersion of silver nanoparticles; (C) SEM ofthe sample sample;

FIG. 6 shows further TEM images of the sample of FIGS. 5A-C;

FIG. 7 shows an overlay plot of particle size distributions for styreneacrylate alone, silver nanoparticle-sulfonated polyester compositealone; and the core-shell structure;

FIG. 8 shows an overlay plot of zeta potential distribution for styreneacrylate alone, silver nanoparticle-sulfonated polyester compositealone; and the core-shell structure;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Core-shell nanoparticles have been reported throughout literature asfunctional composites for many device applications related tobiomedical, enhancing photoluminescence, pharmaceutical applications,catalysis, creating photonic crystals and electronics. As well, thesecore-shell materials are economically sound since the bulk or core ismainly organic while the shell contains organic with the more expensiveprecious metals such as gold and silver.

Embodiments provide for the preparation and characterization ofcore-shell nanocomposites that selectively immobilize silvernanoparticles in the outer shell layer of the core-shell nanoparticles.The present methods disclosed herein are environmentally friendlyprocesses for synthesizing silver nanoparticles that do not require theuse of toxic chemicals. Methods herein provide green chemistry andbiocompatibility in preparing hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites.The hybrid nanocomposites have the ability to take on inorganiccharacteristics related to coating performance (such as robustness) andthermal stability. Deliberate placement of the silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) in the shell provides easy accessibility of the silver forsensor or antimicrobial applications.

As demonstrated below in the Examples, polystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate(PSnBA) nanoparticles (i.e., emulsion aggregation toner latex) werecoated with a sulfonated polyester shell that was initiallyself-dispersed while simultaneously reducing silver nitrate to AgNPs.The polystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate nanoparticles were used as templatesin water which were coated in situ with the silver-containing sulfonatedpolyester via attractive electrostatic interaction or by specificinteractions (e.g. ion pairing, complexation, dipole-dipole, etc.). Theaddition of an incompatible polymer such as sulfonated polyester withinorganic features (i.e., silver nanoparticles) to the PSnBA coreprovides highly functional core-shell nanoparticles. Embodiments hereinoperate with aqueous systems and waterborne dispersions which areenvironmentally sound and possibly the route-of-choice for any futuredevelopment of large scale materials/applications. The methods requireminimal time to synthesize these polymer metal nanocomposites

Embodiments herein provide polymeric core-shell metal-containingnanocomposites and an environmentally friendly methods (green chemistry)to synthesize them. Although embodiments herein focus on exemplarysilver nanoparticles as part of the composite, those skilled in the artwill recognize the ability to use other metals in shell coating of thenanocomposites herein including, without limitation, gold, platinum,copper, nickel and palladium.

In embodiments, two very different polymeric materials can be used toprepare the core-shell nanocomposites herein. The core may be made up ofemulsion polymerization (EP) polystyrene-n-butyl acrylate (PSnBA) latexparticles. These stable monodispersed EP emulsion nanoparticles wereused as templates (or the core) for a silver nanoparticle/polyestercoating (shell). The shell polymer is generally made up of metalsulfonated polyester (SPE) polymer. Without being bound by theory, thesulfonated polymer self-assembles in water at about 90° C. where thehydrophobic backbone forms the core of the sphere, while the hydrophilicsulfonate functional groups are oriented to face the surrounding water.When silver is added, the electrostatic attraction between the sulfonategroups and the Ag+ ions causes an association between the silver and thepolymer matrix. A reducing agent can be optionally added to facilitatethe reduction of Ag+ to Ag(0) on the surface of SPE (branched sulfonatedpolyester (BSPE) polymer was used in the Examples herein).Advantageously, the branched structure of the SPE creates a porousstructure that allows for diffusion of materials through it.

The silver nanoparticles are embedded within the BSPE matrix polymer asseen in FIG. 1 (left schematic) which is then coated onto apoly(styrene-co-nbutyl acrylate) latex core as seen in FIG. 1 (rightschematic).

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the overall core-shell structure whichselectively immobilizes AgNPs in the outer shell layer of the core-shellnanoparticles. This makes them easily accessible for many functionalapplications.

The synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles involves three steps which areall aqueous-based. Step 1 is to synthesize the core (if non-toner latexis required), step 2 is to dissipate the BSPE during the reduction ofsilver nitrate and step 3 is to coat the core with the shell component.The organic core is synthesized via emulsion polymerization. The organiccore is then coated with the inorganic/organic polymer shell “in situ”.

The end product is tailor-made materials that have an amphiphilicorganic-inorganic shell containing reduced silver (Ag0) and an organiccore which plays the part of a template for the adsorption of thenanocomposite shell which is controlled by attractive electrostaticinteraction or by specific interactions (e.g. ion pairing, complexation,dipole-dipole, etc.).

These core-shell organic/inorganic nanocomposite particles can be usedfor a wide range of applications that require silver nanoparticles to belocalized on the surface of a particle such as sensors or antimicrobialcoatings. Another feature of these core-shell nanocomposites is that theBSPE/AgNP shell possesses the plasmonic properties required for thesensing applications which can be applied to imaging material, such astoner or ink. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of silverutilize changes in the refractive index at the sensor/fluid interface todetect analyte molecules. Using this approach to design AgNP core-shellnanoparticles result in a simple, quick and inexpensive method forpreparing metal/organic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be usedfor the detection of many types of analytes (e.g., Cu, Cr) orbiomolecules such as streptavidin molecules.

These and other advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

In embodiments, there are provided nanocomposites comprising: a corecomprising a first polymer, a shell disposed about the core, the shellcomprising a sulfonated polyester; wherein the first polymer andsulfonated polyester are different, and a plurality of silvernanoparticles disposed throughout the shell layer.

In embodiments, the nanocomposite has an effective diameter in a rangefrom about 25 nm to about 500 nm, or about 50 nm to about 400 nm orabout 100 to about 250 nm.

In embodiments, the core is part of an emulsion of the first polymer,the first polymer comprising one or more monomer units selected from thegroup consisting of styrene, n-butyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, andbeta-carboxyethyl acrylate (β-CEA). In embodiments, the first polymer ispolystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate (PSnBA). Examples of resins or polymersuseful as core first polymer include, without limitation, one or more ofpoly(styrene-butadiene), poly(para-methyl styrene-butadiene),poly(meta-methyl styrene-butadiene), poly(alpha-methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methylmethacrylate-butadiene),poly(ethylmethacrylate-butadiene), poly(propylmethacrylate-butadiene),poly(butylmethacrylate-butadiene), poly(methylacrylate-butadiene),poly(ethylacrylate-butadiene), poly(propylacrylate-butadiene),poly(butylacrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(para-methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(metamethyl styrene-isoprene),poly(alpha-methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methylmethacrylate-isoprene),poly(ethylmethacrylate-isoprene), poly(propylmethacrylate-isoprene),poly(butylmethacrylate-isoprene), poly(methylacrylate-isoprene),poly(ethylacrylate-isoprene), poly(propylacrylate-isoprene), andpoly(butylacrylate-isoprene); polymers such aspoly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylicacid), polyethylene-terephthalate, polypropylene-terephthalate,polybutylene-terephthalate, polypentylene-terephthalate,polyhexalene-terephthalate, polyheptadene-terephthalate,polyoctalene-terephthalate and the like. The resin selected, whichgenerally can be in embodiments styrene acrylates, styrene butadienes,styrene methacrylates, or polyesters.

Exemplary polymers includes styrene acrylates, styrene butadienes,styrene methacrylates, and more specifically, poly(styrene-alkylacrylate), poly(styrene-1,3-diene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate),poly (styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid),poly(styrene-1,3-diene-acrylic acid), poly (styrene-alkylmethacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate),poly(alkyl methacrylate-aryl acrylate), poly(aryl methacrylate-alkylacrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkylacrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-1,3-diene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(alkylacrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene),poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene),poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene),poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene),poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene),poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene),poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly (methyl methacrylate-isoprene),poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene),poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene),poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene),poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-propyl acrylate),poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly (styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid),poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butylacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid),poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylononitrile), poly(styrene-butylacrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene),poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate),poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butylmethacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate),poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butylacrylate-acrylic acid), and combinations thereof. In embodiments, thepolymer is poly(styrene/butyl acrylate/beta carboxyl ethyl acrylate).The polymer may be block, random, or alternating copolymers.

In embodiments, a gel latex may be added to the core latex resin. A gellatex may refer, in embodiments, to a crosslinked resin or polymer, ormixtures thereof. In embodiments, the gel latex may be a mixture of acrosslinked resin and a non-crosslinked resin. Non-crosslinked resinparticles may be composed of any of the latex resins or polymersdescribed above.

The gel latex may include, for example, submicron crosslinked resinparticles having a size of, for example, from about 10 to about 400nanometers, and in embodiments from about 20 to 200 nanometers in volumeaverage diameter. The gel latex may be suspended in an aqueous phase ofwater containing a surfactant,

wherein the surfactant is selected in an amount from about 0.5 to about5 percent by weight of the solids, and in embodiments from about 0.7 toabout 2 percent by weight of the solids.

The crosslinked resin may be a crosslinked polymer such as crosslinkedstyrene acrylates, styrene butadienes, and/or styrene methacrylates. Inparticular, exemplary crosslinked resins are crosslinkedpoly(styrene-alkyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene),poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate),poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid),poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylicacid), poly (styrenealkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(alkylmethacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly (alkyl methacrylate-aryl acrylate),poly(aryl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylicacid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile acrylic acid),crosslinked poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), andmixtures thereof.

A crosslinker, such as divinyl benzene or other divinyl aromatic ordivinyl acrylate or methacrylate monomers may be used in the crosslinkedresin. The crosslinker may be present in an amount of from about 0.01percent by weight to about 25 percent by weight, and in embodiments offrom about 0.5 to about 15 percent by weight of the crosslinked resin.

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester is branched. In embodiments,the sulfonated polyester is linear. In embodiments, the sulfonatedpolyester is a sodium, potassium or lithium salt of a polymer selectedfrom the group consisting of poly(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalatephthalate),copoly-(1,2propylenediethylene5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalatephthalate)copoly(ethyleneneopentylene-5-sulfoiso-phthalate)-copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalatephthalate),and copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenolA-5-sulfoisophthalate).

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester resin is a branched polymer. Inembodiments, the sulfonated polyester resin is a linear polymer. Inembodiments, the sulfonated polyester matrix is a lithium, potassium, orsodium salt of a polymer selected from the group consisting ofpoly(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terphthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylenediethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalatephthalate),copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalatephthalate),and copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenolA-5-sulfoisophthalate).

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester resin comprises a polyolmonomer unit selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane,1,2-propanediol, diethylene glycol, and combinations thereof.

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester resin comprises a diacidmonomer unit selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid,sulfonated isophthalic acid, and combinations thereof.

In general, the sulfonated polyesters may have the following generalstructure, or random copolymers thereof in which the n and p segmentsare separated.

wherein R is an alkylene of, for example, from 2 to about 25 carbonatoms such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, oxyalkylenediethyleneoxide, and the like; R′ is an arylene of, for example, fromabout 6 to about 36 carbon atoms, such as a benzylene, bisphenylene,bis(alkyloxy) bisphenolene, and the like; and p and n represent thenumber of randomly repeating segments, such as for example from about 10to about 100,000.

Examples further include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,312,011which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specificexamples of amorphous alkali sulfonated polyester based resins include,but are not limited to,copoly(ethylene-terephthalate)-copoly-(ethylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate),copoly(propylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate),copoly(diethylene-terephthalate)-copoly(diethylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate),copoly(propylene-diethylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-diethylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate),copoly(propylene-butylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-butylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate),copoly(propoxylated bisphenol-A-fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenolA-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-fumarate)-copoly(ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-5-sulfo-isophthalate), and copoly(ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-maleate)-copoly(ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-5-sulfo-isophthalate), and wherein the alkali metal is, forexample, a sodium, lithium or potassium ion. Examples of crystallinealkali sulfonated polyester based resins alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-co-poly(ethylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), and alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-iosphthalbyl)-copoly(octylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly (propylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-co-poly(butylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-succinate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl-copoly(butylene-succinate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-succinate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-succinate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-sebacate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-iosphthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), alkalicopoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)copoly(hexylene-adipate),poly(octylene-adipate), and wherein the alkali is a metal like sodium,lithium or potassium. In embodiments, the alkali metal is lithium. Inembodiments, the alkali metal is sodium.

The linear amorphous polyester resins are generally prepared by thepolycondensation of an organic diol and a diacid or diester, at leastone of which is sulfonated or a sulfonated difunctional monomer beingincluded in the reaction, and a polycondensation catalyst. For thebranched amorphous sulfonated polyester resin, the same materials may beused, with the further inclusion of a branching agent such as amultivalent polyacid or polyol.

Examples of diacid or diesters selected for the preparation of amorphouspolyesters include dicarboxylic acids or diesters selected from thegroup consisting of terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid,fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid, succinicanhydride, dodecylsuccinic acid, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, glutaricacid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid,azelic acid, dodecanediacid, dimethyl terephthalate, diethylterephthalate, dimethylisophthalate, diethylisophthalate,dimethylphthalate, phthalic anhydride, diethylphthalate,dimethylsuccinate, dimethylfumarate, dimethylmaleate, dimethylglutarate,dimethyladipate, dimethyl dodecylsuccinate, and mixtures thereof. Theorganic diacid or diester are selected, for example, from about 45 toabout 52 mole percent of the resin. Examples of diols utilized ingenerating the amorphous polyester include 1,2-propanediol,1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol,pentanediol, hexanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropanediol,2,2,3-trimethylhexanediol, heptanediol, dodecanediol,bis(hyroxyethyl)-bisphenol A, bis(2-hyroxypropyl)-bisphenol A,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, xylenedimethanol,cyclohexanediol, diethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) oxide,dipropylene glycol, dibutylene, and mixtures thereof. The amount oforganic diol selected can vary, and more specifically, is, for example,from about 45 to about 52 mole percent of the resin.

Alkali sulfonated difunctional monomer examples, wherein the alkali islithium, sodium, or potassium, include dimethyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate,dialkyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate-4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride,4-sulfo-phthalic acid, 4-sulfophenyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene,6-sulfo-2-naphthyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, sulfo-terephthalic acid,dimethyl-sulfo-terephthalate, dialkyl-sulfo-terephthalate,sulfo-ethanediol, 2-sulfo-propanediol, 2-sulfo-butanediol,3-sulfo-pentanediol, 2-sulfo-hexanediol, 3-sulfo-2-methylpentanediol,N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonate,2-sulfo-3,3-dimethylpent-anediol, sulfo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, mixturesthereto, and the like. Effective difunctional monomer amounts of, forexample, from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent of the resin can beselected.

Branching agents for use in forming the branched amorphous sulfonatedpolyester include, for example, a multivalent polyacid such as1,2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid,2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylicacid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid,1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylene-carboxylpropane,tetra(methylene-carboxyl)methane, and 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylicacid, acid anhydrides thereof, and lower alkyl esters thereof, 1 toabout 6 carbon atoms; a multivalent polyol such as sorbitol,1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol,tripentaerythritol, sucrose, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentatriol,glycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol,trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,3,5-trihydroxymethylbenzene,mixtures thereof, and the like. The branching agent amount selected is,for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent of the resin.

Polycondensation catalyst examples for amorphous polyesters includetetraalkyl titanates, dialkyltin oxide such as dibutyltin oxide,tetraalkyltin such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dialkyltin oxide hydroxidesuch as butyltin oxide hydroxide, aluminum alkoxides, alkyl zinc,dialkyl zinc, zinc oxide, stannous oxide, or mixtures thereof; and whichcatalysts are selected in amounts of, for example, from about 0.01 molepercent to about 5 mole percent based on the starting diacid or diesterused to generate the polyester resin.

In embodiments, the silver nanoparticles that serve as the buildingblocks for the silver nanodendrites may comprise solely elemental silveror may be a silver composite, including composites with other metals.Such metal-silver composite may include either or both of (i) one ormore other metals and (ii) one or more non-metals. Suitable other metalsinclude for example Al, Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Co, Cr, In, and Ni, particularlythe transition metals for example Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and mixturesthereof. Exemplary metal composites are Au—Ag, Ag—Cu, Au—Ag—Cu, andAu—Ag—Pd. Suitable non-metals in the metal composite include for exampleSi, C, and Ge. The various components of the silver composite may bepresent in an amount ranging for example from about 0.01% to about 99.9%by weight, particularly from about 10% to about 90% by weight. Inembodiments, the silver composite is a metal alloy composed of silverand one, two or more other metals, with silver comprising for example atleast about 20% of the nanoparticles by weight, particularly greaterthan about 50% of the nanoparticles by weight. Unless otherwise noted,the weight percentages recited herein for the components of thesilver-containing nanoparticles do not include any stabilizer.

Silver nanoparticles composed of a silver composite can be made forexample by using a mixture of (i) a silver compound (or compounds,especially silver (I) ion-containing compounds) and (ii) another metalsalt (or salts) or another non-metal (or non-metals) during thereduction step.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that metals other than silvermay be useful and can be prepared in accordance with the methodsdisclosed herein. Thus, for example, nanocomposites may be prepared withnanoparticles of copper, gold, palladium, or composites of suchexemplary metals.

In embodiments, the nanocomposites accessible by the methods herein maybe used in conjunction with complex nanostructured materials that alsoinclude, without limitation, carbon nanotubes (CNTs, includingsingle-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled), graphene sheet,nanoribbons, nano-onions, hollow nanoshell metals, nano-wires and thelike. In embodiments, CNTs may be added in amounts that enhanceelectrical and thermal conductivity.

In embodiments, the plurality of silver nanoparticles have an effectivediameter in a range from about 1 nm to about 500 nm, or about 25 nm toabout 100 nm, or about 25 nm to about 50 nm.

In embodiments, the plurality of nanoparticles are present in an amountfrom about 0.005 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of the totalshell weight, such as from about 0.005 weight percent to about 1 weightpercent, or about 1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, or about 5weight percent to about 10 weight percent, including any range inbetween or overlapping ranges. In embodiments, the plurality ofnanoparticles may be present in an amount greater than 10 weight percentof the total shell weight, such as about 15 weight percent, or about 20weight percent, or about 30 weight percent, including any value inbetween and fractions thereof.

In embodiments, the nanocomposite is disposed in a coating. Inembodiments, the coating comprises substantially the nanocompositematerial. In other embodiments, the coating may comprise a furthermatrix material, such as a polymer matrix which may be any thermoset orany thermoplastic resin. In embodiments, other additives may be includedin accordance with intended downstream application including, withoutlimitation additional biocidal additives (e.g., bactericide, fungicideand algicide), UV protection additives, and/or flame retardantadditives.

In embodiments, the nanocomposite may be present as a portion of adevice as part of a sensor or for antimicrobial applications. Inembodiments, the nanocomposite may be provided as printable particlesand may function as part of a device as a substrate. For example, aprinted nanocomposite may function as pH paper colorimetric strip. Thenanocomposite can also be used in solution where testing components caninclude core-shell latex solutions having reagents for conducting adetection assay which comprises noble metal nanoparticles conjugated toligands specific for a target entity which is coated onto a latexparticle.

The nanoparticle composite in a shell or coating of particles may beconjugated to ligands specific for target entities. The ligands are usedto detect that entity. The aggregation of the metal nanoparticles maycause a color shift in the solution or on the substrate. Thiscolorimetric detection assay or sensor is based on the principles thatnoble metal nanoparticles can aggregate at least as close as thediameter of the nanoparticles and resonate at a different plasmonicresonance frequency than unbound nanoparticles, non-aggregatednanoparticles of the same size and material. Thus, using nanoparticlestagged with ligand specific for binding the target entity (or acomponent of a target entity) can facilitate detection of the targetentity. A color shift occurs in the solution when the nanoparticleconjugates come together in close proximity and form a clump. The colorshift indicates the presence of the target entity in the sample.Nanoparticles in close proximity with each other reflect a differentfrequency of visible light than the non-aggregated metal nanoparticlesreflect. If there is no color shift, the metal nanoparticle ligandconjugate remains unbound to any target and therefore the biological,environmental or “test” sample is negative for the target entity.

In embodiments, the nanocomposites herein are incorporated in an aqueousink, a dry ink, a 3-dimensional or additive composite ink, or a gravureink. In embodiments, the nanocomposite is incorporated in an inksuitable for flexography, offset printing or offset lithography.

In embodiments, there are provided methods of making a core-shellnanocomposite comprising: heating a sulfonated polyester resin in waterat a temperature from about 65° C. to 90° C.; adding aqueous solution ofsilver (I) ion source dropwise to the heated sulfonated polyester forman emulsion; optionally adding an aqueous solution of a reducing agentdropwise to emulsion; and adding the emulsion dropwise topolystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate latex nanoparticles in water, continuingheating to form the core-shell nanocomposite. In embodiments, thenanocomposite has an effective diameter in a range from about 50 nm toabout 500 nm.

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester is branched.

In embodiments, the sulfonated polyester is a sodium, potassium orlithium salt of a polymer selected from the group consisting ofpoly(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalatephthalate),copoly-(1,2propylenediethylene5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalatephthalate)copoly(ethyleneneopentylene-5-sulfoiso-phthalate)-copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalatephthalate),and copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenolA-5-sulfoisophthalate).

In embodiments, the plurality of silver nanoparticles have an effectivediameter in a range from about 1 nm to about 500 nm, or about 25 nm toabout 100 nm, or about 25 nm to about 50 nm.

In embodiments, there are provided articles comprising thenanocomposites described herein. In embodiments, the article is acoating, a sensor, or an ink. In particular, inks may include build inksfor 3-printing, aqueous inks, and the like. The nanocomposites can beapplied to a substrate of choice including, for example, textiles(canvas, jute, polyesters, cotton, polyester-cotton mix and non-wovenfabric), foil, any variety of paper (lightweight, heavyweight, coated,uncoated, paperboard, cardboard, etc.), plastic (polycarb, acrylic,plexiglass, polyester, polyethylene, etc.), foam board, aluminumcomposite materials.

The following Examples are being submitted to illustrate embodiments ofthe present disclosure. These Examples are intended to be illustrativeonly and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.Also, parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. Asused herein, “room temperature” refers to a temperature of from about20° C. to about 25° C.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Comparative Example, Preparation of BranchedSulfonated Amorphous Polyesters (BSPE-1)

A branched amorphous sulfonated polyester resin comprised of 0.425 moleequivalent of terephthalate, 0.080 mole equivalent of sodium5-sulfoisophthalic acid, 0.4501 mole equivalent of 1,2-propanediol, and0.050 mole equivalent of diethylene glycol, was prepared as follows. Ina one-liter Parr reactor equipped with a heated bottom drain valve, highviscosity double turbine agitator, and distillation receiver with a coldwater condenser was charged 388 grams of dimethylterephthalate, 104.6grams of sodium 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, 322.6 grams of 1,2-propanediol(1 mole excess of glycols), 48.98 grams of diethylene glycol, (1 moleexcess of glycols), trimethylolpropane (5 grams) and 0.8 grams ofbutyltin hydroxide oxide as the catalyst. The reactor was heated to 165°C. with stirring for 3 hours and then again heated to 190° C. over a onehour period, after which the pressure was slowly reduced fromatmospheric pressure to about 260 Torr over a one hour period, and thenreduced to 5 Torr over a two hour period. The pressure was then furtherreduced to about 1 Torr over a 30 minute period and the polymer wasdischarged through the bottom drain onto a container cooled with dry iceto yield 460 grams of sulfonated-polyester resin. The branchedsulfonated-polyester resin had a glass transition temperature measuredto be 54.5° C. (onset) and a softening point of 154° C.

Example 2 Control, BSPE, No Ag

The reaction was carried out in a 3 necked, 500 mL round bottom flaskequipped with an overhead stirrer, reflux condenser, thermocouple, hotplate, and nitrogen entrance (the condenser acted as the nitrogen exit).125 mL of deionized water was charged into flask at room temperature(22° C.). The water was heated to 90° C. with stirring while nitrogenrunning through the solution (RPM=330). Then 50.0 g of finely ground,solid BSPE-1 was added to the DIW (RPM=400). The solution was stirred at90° C. for 2 hours (RPM=400). Then the BSPE emulsion was cooled to roomtemperature with stirring (RPM=400). The final appearance was a white,opaque solution.

Example 3 Lab Scale Control, Poly(Styrene-Co-n-Butyl Acrylate LatexControl, No Ag

A latex emulsion comprised of polymer particles generated from theemulsion polymerization of styrene, n-butyl acrylate, andbeta-carboxyethyl acrylate (βCEA) was prepared as follows.

A surfactant solution of 6.9 grams Dowfax 2A1 (anionicalkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate surfactant; The Dow Chemical Company) and306.7 grams de-ionized water was prepared by mixing for 10 minutes in astainless steel holding tank. The holding tank was then purged withnitrogen for 5 minutes before transferring into the reactor. The reactorwas then continuously purged with nitrogen while being stirred at 450rpm. The reactor was then heated up to 80° C. at a controlled rate, andheld there. Separately, 7.1 grams of ammonium persulfate initiator wasdissolved in 48.9 grams of de-ionized water.

Separately, the monomer emulsion was prepared in the following manner.264.9 g of styrene, 88.3 g of butyl acrylate, 10.6 g of beta-CEA and 1.6g of 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) were added to a premix of 0.6 g of Dowfax 2A1in 164.32 g of deionized water were mixed to form an emulsion. 2% of theabove emulsion (10.6 g) was then slowly dropped into the reactorcontaining the aqueous surfactant phase at 80° C. to form the “seeds”while being purged with nitrogen. The initiator solution was then slowlycharged into the reactor. The monomer emulsion was fed into the reactorat 2.0 g/min. Once all the monomer emulsion was charged into the mainreactor, the temperature was held at 80° C. for an additional 3 hours tocomplete the reaction. Full cooling was then applied and the reactortemperature was reduced to 25° C. The product was collected into aholding tank and sieved with a 25 μm screen.

The particle size was then measured by Nanotrac® U2275E particle sizeanalyzer to have a D50 of 220 nm.

Example 4 Control, Styrene-Acrylate+BSPE (No Ag)

The reaction was carried out in a 3 necked, 500 mL round bottom flaskequipped with an overhead stirrer, reflux condenser, thermocouple, hotplate, and nitrogen entrance (the condenser acted as the nitrogen exit).50.00 g of DIW and 50.00 g EP08 was charged into the flask at roomtemperature (22° C.). The hot plate was set to 60° C. and nitrogen wasrun through the system (RPM=250). Once the temperature had stabilized, amixture of 3.57 g BSPE stock solution (25.65% solid) and 46.43 g DIWwere added dropwise at a rate of approximately 1 drop/second. After thesolution had been added, the mixture was mixed at 60° C. for 1.5 hours.The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature (RPM=250). Thefinal appearance was a white, opaque solution.

Example 5 Precursor to Final Composite; BSPE-Ag

The reaction was carried out in a 3 necked, 500 mL round bottom flaskequipped with an overhead stirrer, reflux condenser, thermocouple, hotplate, and nitrogen entrance (the condenser acted as the nitrogen exit).240 mL of DIW was charged into the flask at room temperature (22° C.).The hot place was set to 90° C. and nitrogen was run through the system(RPM=300). Once the temperature had stabilized, 5.95 g of solid BSPE-1was added to the system in a finely ground state (RPM=300). The solutionbecame hazy and had a blue tinge. After 0.5 hrs, 0.0768 g AgNO3dissolved in 5 mL DIW was added dropwise to the solution at a rate ofapproximately 1 drop/second (RPM=300). The solution became slightlydarker (brownish). After 0.5 hrs, 5 mL of 1% (w/w %) trisodium citratesolution (reducing agent) was added to the system dropwise at a rate of1 drop/second. Upon completion, the solution was stirred at 90° C. for 2hours (RPM=300). The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature(RPM=300). The final appearance was a peach coloured, slightly hazysolution.

Example 6 Styrene-Acrylate Coated with Pre-Made Solution of BSPE-Ag(0)

Solution A: Example 5

Solution B: The reaction was carried out in a 3 necked, 500 mL roundbottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, reflux condenser,thermocouple, hot plate, and nitrogen entrance (the condenser acted asthe nitrogen exit). 50.00 g of EP08 and 50.00 g of DIW were charged intothe flask at room temperature (22° C.). The hot plate was set to 60° C.and nitrogen was run through the system (RPM=250). 50.00 g of solution Awas then added to the flask dropwise at approximately 1 drop/second.After solution A had been added, the mixture was mixed at 60° C. for 2.5hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature (RPM=250).The final appearance was a white, opaque solution.

TABLE 1 Particle characterization results for composites and finalcore-shell EA latex particles coated with BSPE/AgNPs Reducing LoadingLoading Actual Particle Zeta Zeta Example Agent Theoretical [AgNO₃][AgNO₃] Solids Size D50 Potential Deviation # Used % Solids (M) (w/w %)(%) (nm) (mV) (mV) Appearance* 2 None 28.57% None None 29.46% 31.8 −62.711.90 White solution 3 None 40.88% None None 40.88% 183.2 −68.5 9.74White solution 4 None 14.24% None none 14.29% 150.9 −49.5 7.26 Whitesolution 5 TSC 2.37% 1.81E−03 0.03% 2.44% 27.4 −61.9 17.00 Stable,translucent brown solution 6 TSC 14.44% 5.89E−04 0.01% 14.20% 191.8−60.3 8.21 Stable, white opaque solution *observations approximately 3weeks after synthesis.

TABLE 2 Particle characterization results for composites and finalcore-shell EA latex particles coated with BSPE/AgNPs GPC - GPC -molecular molecular DSC 2^(nd) DSC 2^(nd) DSC 2^(nd) Example weightnumber Polydispersity onset Tg midpoint offset Tg Description of #(x1000) (x1000) (PD) (° C.) Tg (° C.) (° C.) sample 2 54.81 23.23 2.3555.70 59.19 62.69 St/Ac* latex 3 4.226 1.76 2.40 55.09 59.31 63.52 BSPE4 32.99 9.47 3.48 55.38 59.87 64.37 St/Ac + BSPE (no Ag) - control 55.131 2.22 2.31 54.62 58.32 62.03 BSPE-Ag (used in the formulation ofEx. 6) 6 57.83 22.64 2.55 53.16 59.90 63.63 St/Ac latex coated withpre-made solution of BSPE-Ag(0) *styrene-acrylate

Table 2 shows the molecular weight (Mw) and molecular number (Mn)distribution as well as the polydispersity of the separate compositionsused to synthesize the core-shell hybrid composite as well as thecore-shell metal organic particles themselves. The Mw of Example 6,core-shell metal/organic composite shows a slight increase in molecularweight due to the layering of the styrene-acrylate latex with theBSPE/AgNP shell. While the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) datashows a marginal decrease in glass transition due to the BSPE/AgNP shellslightly plasticizing the styrene-acrylate core at the interface betweenthe two very different organic composites.

1. A nanocomposite comprising: a core comprising a first polymer; ashell disposed about the core, the shell comprising a sulfonatedpolyester; wherein the first polymer and sulfonated polyester aredifferent; and a plurality of silver nanoparticles disposed throughoutthe shell layer, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are present inan amount from about 0.005 weight percent to about 10 weight percent ofthe total shell weight; wherein the nanocomposite is prepared accordingto the method comprising: heating a sulfonated polyester resin in waterat a temperature from about 65° C. to 90° C.; adding aqueous solution ofsilver (I) ion source dropwise to the heated sulfonated polyester forman emulsion; optionally adding an aqueous solution of a reducing agentdropwise to the emulsion; adding the emulsion dropwise topolystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate latex nanoparticles in water, continuingheating to form the nanocomposite.
 2. The nanocomposite of claim 1,wherein the nanocomposite has an effective diameter in a range fromabout 25 nm to about 500 nm.
 3. The nanocomposite of claim 1, whereinthe core is an emulsion comprising the first polymer comprising one ormore monomer units selected from the group consisting of styrene,n-butyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, and beta-carboxyethyl acrylate(δ-CEA).
 4. The nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the first polymer ispolystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate (PSnBA).
 5. The nanocomposite of claim1, wherein the sulfonated polyester is branched.
 6. The nanocomposite ofclaim 1, wherein the sulfonated polyester is linear.
 7. Thenanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the sulfonated polyester is a sodium,potassium or lithium salt of a polymer selected from the groupconsisting of poly(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalatephthalate), copoly-(1,2propylenediethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalatephthalate), copoly(ethyleneneopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalatephthalate), and copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylatedbisphenol A-5-sulfoisophthalate).
 8. The nanocomposite of claim 1,wherein the plurality of silver nanoparticles have an effective diameterin a range from about 1 nm to about 500 nm.
 9. The nanocomposite ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are present in an amountfrom about 0.005 weight percent to 1 weight percent of the total shellweight.
 10. (canceled)
 11. (canceled)
 12. An ink comprising thenanocomposite of claim 1 wherein the ink is selected from the groupconsisting of an aqueous ink, a dry ink, a 3-dimensional or additivecomposite ink, a gravure ink, a flexographic ink, an offset printing inkand an offset lithography ink.
 13. A method of making a core-shellnanocomposite comprising: heating a sulfonated polyester resin in waterat a temperature from about 65° C. to 90° C.; adding aqueous solution ofsilver (I) ion source dropwise to the heated sulfonated polyester forman emulsion; optionally adding an aqueous solution of a reducing agentdropwise to the emulsion; adding the emulsion dropwise topolystyrene-co-n-butyl acrylate latex nanoparticles in water, continuingheating to form the core-shell nanocomposite.
 14. The method of claim 1,wherein the nanocomposite has an effective diameter in a range fromabout 25 nm to about 500 nm.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein thesulfonated polyester is branched.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein thesulfonated polyester is a sodium, potassium or lithium salt of a polymerselected from the group consisting ofpoly(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(neopentylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),poly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate),copoly-(1,2-propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalatephthalate),copoly-(1,2propylenediethylene5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalatephthalate)copoly(ethyleneneopentylene-5-sulfoiso-phthalate)-copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalatephthalate),and copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenolA-5-sulfoisophthalate).
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the pluralityof silver nanoparticles have an effective diameter in a range from about1 nm to about 500 nm.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the pluralityof nanoparticles are present in an amount from about 0.005 weightpercent to about 10 weight percent of the total shell weight.
 19. Anarticle comprising a nanocomposite according to claim
 1. 20. The articleof claim 19, wherein the article is a coating, a sensor, or an ink.